This blog post takes a detailed look at what container orchestration with Kubernetes means for web applications. It explains the benefits and use cases of Kubernetes, while also highlighting the critical importance of container orchestration. It explores how to manage web applications more efficiently with Kubernetes, including key architectural components and cost-benefit analysis. It also provides the essentials for getting started with Kubernetes, key considerations, and a step-by-step application deployment guide. Ultimately, it provides a comprehensive guide, highlighting the key to successful application management with Kubernetes.

What is Container Orchestration with Kubernetes?

With Kubernetes Container orchestration is a revolutionary approach to modern software development and deployment. By packaging applications and their dependencies in an isolated environment, containers ensure consistent operation across different environments. However, the increasing number of containers and the proliferation of complex microservices architectures have led to the need for a robust orchestration tool to manage these containers. With Kubernetes This is where it comes into play, enabling containers to be automatically deployed, scaled and managed.

Container orchestration is the process of automatically managing containers to ensure consistent operation of an application across different environments (development, test, production). This process involves various tasks such as starting, stopping, restarting, scaling, and monitoring containers. With Kubernetes, these tasks are automated so developers and system administrators can focus less on the infrastructure of their applications and more on their functionality.

Key Features of Kubernetes
• Automatic Deployment: Enables easy deployment of applications across different environments.
• Scalability: Supports applications to automatically scale as load increases.
• Self-Healing: Automatically restarts or reschedules failed containers.
• Service Discovery and Load Balancing: Allows applications to find each other and distribute traffic in a balanced manner.
• Automatic Rollback and Rollback: Ensures that application updates are performed seamlessly and can be rolled back when necessary.

With Kubernetes Container orchestration increases efficiency, reduces costs, and ensures application continuity in modern application development processes. It has become an indispensable tool, especially for large-scale and complex applications. Without container orchestration, managing such applications would be manual and error-prone. With KubernetesBy overcoming these challenges, a more agile and reliable infrastructure can be created.

Feature	Explanation	Benefits
Auto Scaling	Automatic adjustment of resources based on application load.	Optimizes resource usage and reduces costs.
Self-Healing	Automatic restart or rescheduling of failed containers.	It ensures application continuity and minimizes interruptions.
Service Discovery and Load Balancing	It allows applications to find each other and distribute traffic evenly.	Increases performance and improves user experience.
Rolling Updates and Rollbacks	Application updates can be made seamlessly and rolled back when necessary.	Provides uninterrupted service and reduces risks.

With KubernetesWith less worry about deploying and managing their applications, developers and operations teams can focus on their work. This results in faster innovation, faster time to market, and a more competitive product. With Kubernetes Container orchestration has become a fundamental component of modern software development and deployment processes.

Benefits and Uses of Kubernetes

With Kubernetes The advantages offered by container orchestration are critical to modern software development and deployment processes. Kubernetes significantly reduces the workload of developers and system administrators by simplifying application scaling, management, and deployment. It is an ideal solution, particularly for applications with microservices architectures. This platform eliminates the complexity of deployment processes by ensuring consistent application operation across different environments (development, test, production).

Advantages of Kubernetes

• Auto Scaling: It allows your applications to scale automatically according to traffic density.
• High Availability: It ensures that your applications remain up and running.
• Resource Management: It ensures efficient use of hardware resources and reduces costs.
• Simplified Deployment: It allows applications to be easily deployed to different environments.
• Fault Tolerance: It has automatic recovery and restart features for application errors.

Kubernetes is widely used not only for web applications but also in diverse areas such as data analytics, machine learning, and IoT. For example, applications that process large datasets can run faster and more efficiently by leveraging Kubernetes' scalability. Furthermore, Kubernetes optimizes resource management to improve performance when training and deploying machine learning models.

Area of Use	Explanation	Benefits
Web Applications	Management of web applications developed with microservice architecture.	Scalability, rapid deployment, high availability.
Data Analytics	Processing and analysis of large data sets.	Efficient resource use, fast processing ability.
Machine Learning	Training and deployment of machine learning models.	Optimum resource management, high performance.
IoT	Management of Internet of Things (IoT) applications.	Centralized management, easy updates, secure communication.

With Kubernetes It's possible to create a more flexible and dynamic environment compared to traditional infrastructures. This allows companies to adapt more quickly to changing market conditions and gain a competitive advantage. Its ability to integrate with cloud-based infrastructures, in particular, makes Kubernetes an indispensable tool for modern applications. This platform accelerates software development processes and reduces costs by providing convenience at every stage of the application lifecycle.

With Kubernetes Container orchestration has become a cornerstone of modern software development and deployment processes. Its advantages and wide-ranging applications help companies increase their competitiveness and accelerate their digital transformation. Therefore, being able to effectively use Kubernetes is a crucial requirement for success in today's technology-driven world.

Why Is Container Orchestration Important?

Container orchestration plays a critical role in modern software development and deployment processes. Managing containers has become increasingly complex, particularly with the proliferation of microservices architectures and cloud-native applications. With Kubernetes Container orchestration has become an indispensable tool for managing this complexity and increasing the scalability, reliability, and efficiency of applications.

Reasons for Container Management

• Scalability: It allows applications to automatically scale according to traffic density.
• High Availability: It ensures that applications are always up and running, automatically restarting in case of hardware or software failures.
• Resource Management: It ensures efficient use of resources (CPU, memory, network).
• Automation Automates application deployment, update, and rollback processes.
• Simplified Management: It makes it easy to manage multiple containers from a single platform.

Without container orchestration, each container must be manually managed, updated, and scaled—a time-consuming and error-prone process. With KubernetesThese processes are automated, allowing development and operations teams to focus on more strategic work.

Feature	Without Container Orchestration	With Container Orchestration (e.g. Kubernetes)
Scalability	Manual and Time-Consuming	Automatic and Fast
Accessibility	Low, Susceptible to Failures	High, Auto Recovery
Resource Management	Inefficient, Waste of Resources	Efficient, Optimization
Distribution	Complicated and Manual	Simple and Automatic

Additionally, container orchestration ensures that applications run consistently across different environments (development, test, production). This supports the write-once, run-anywhere principle and accelerates development processes. With Kubernetes, you can easily deploy your applications in the cloud, on-premises data centers, or hybrid environments.

Container orchestration is a fundamental part of modern software development and deployment. It helps businesses gain a competitive advantage by improving the scalability, reliability, and efficiency of applications. With KubernetesIt is possible to benefit from the advantages offered by container orchestration at the highest level.

Managing Web Applications with Kubernetes

Managing web applications with Kubernetes is one of the most frequently used methods by DevOps teams in modern software development processes. With the rise of container technologies, the need for scalable, reliable, and rapid application deployment has also increased. Kubernetes addresses this need by facilitating the management and orchestration of web applications within containers. This increases collaboration between development and operations teams, accelerates application development processes, and optimizes resource utilization.

Managing web applications on Kubernetes offers many advantages. For example, thanks to its auto-scaling feature, new containers are automatically created when application traffic increases, preventing unnecessary resource consumption when traffic decreases. Furthermore, thanks to its self-healing feature, a new container is automatically started when a container crashes, ensuring the application is always available. All these features improve the performance of web applications and reduce maintenance costs.

Feature	Explanation	Benefits
Auto Scaling	Automatic adjustment of the number of containers according to application traffic.	It maintains performance during high traffic periods and reduces costs during low traffic periods.
Self-Healing	Automatic restart of crashed containers.	It ensures that the application is always accessible.
Rolling Updates	Application updates are made without interruption.	It allows new versions to be deployed without negatively impacting the user experience.
Service Discovery	Services within the application automatically discover each other.	It simplifies application architecture and increases flexibility.

However, to fully leverage the benefits offered by Kubernetes, it's crucial to develop a sound strategy and plan. Adapting the application architecture to containers, determining the right resource requirements, and implementing security measures are critical steps for a successful Kubernetes implementation. Furthermore, given the complexity of Kubernetes, having an experienced DevOps team or consulting services can significantly increase project success.

The following steps will help you successfully manage your web applications on Kubernetes:

1. Separating into Containers: Separate your application into containers in accordance with the microservices architecture.
2. Creating a Dockerfile: Define container images by creating a Dockerfile for each service.
3. Deployment and Service Identification: Determine how your applications will work and communicate with each other by defining deployments and services on Kubernetes.
4. Determining Resource Requests: Accurately determine resource demands such as CPU and memory for each container.
5. Taking Security Precautions: Secure your applications using Network Policies and RBAC (Role-Based Access Control).
6. Monitoring and Logging: Use appropriate monitoring and logging tools to monitor the performance of your applications and detect errors.

It's important to remember that managing web applications with Kubernetes is a process that requires continuous learning and improvement. New tools and technologies are constantly emerging, allowing the Kubernetes ecosystem to continually evolve. Therefore, staying current and following best practices is an essential part of a successful Kubernetes strategy.

Kubernetes Use Cases

Kubernetes offers an ideal platform for managing web applications across a variety of use cases. It offers significant advantages, particularly for high-traffic e-commerce sites, complex applications with microservices architectures, and companies adopting continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) processes. In these scenarios, Kubernetes addresses critical needs such as scalability, reliability, and rapid deployment.

Success Stories

Many large companies have achieved significant success managing web applications with Kubernetes. For example, Spotify modernized its infrastructure and accelerated its development processes using Kubernetes. Similarly, Airbnb automated its application deployment processes and optimized resource utilization by enabling container orchestration with Kubernetes. These success stories clearly demonstrate the potential of Kubernetes for web application management.

Kubernetes has enabled our teams to work faster and more efficiently. Our application deployment processes are now much easier and more reliable. – A DevOps Engineer

Kubernetes Architecture: Core Components

With Kubernetes To understand how container orchestration works, it's important to examine its architecture and core components. Kubernetes is a complex framework designed to manage distributed systems. This architecture enables applications to run scalably, reliably, and efficiently. These core components work together to manage workloads, allocate resources, and ensure application health.

The Kubernetes architecture consists of a control plane and one or more worker nodes. The control plane manages the overall state of the cluster and ensures applications run in the desired state. Worker nodes are where applications actually run. These nodes contain the core components that run containers and manage resources. This structure, offered by Kubernetes, makes it easier for applications to run consistently across different environments.

The following table summarizes the key components and functions of the Kubernetes architecture:

Component Name	Explanation	Basic Functions
kube-apiserver	Provides the Kubernetes API.	Authentication, authorization, management of API objects.
kube-scheduler	Assigns newly created pods to nodes.	Resource requirements, hardware/software constraints, data locality.
kube-controller-manager	Manages controller processes.	Node controller, replication controller, endpoint controller.
dome	It runs on each node and manages containers.	Starting, stopping, health check of pods.

One of the reasons Kubernetes is flexible and powerful is that its various components work together in harmony. These components can be scaled and configured according to the needs of applications. For example, when a web application receives high traffic, Kubernetes can automatically create more pods to maintain the application's performance. Kubernetes also provides tools that simplify application updates and rollbacks, allowing developers and system administrators to ensure continuous application uptime.

Kubernetes Core Components
• Pod: The smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes.
• Node: The physical or virtual machine on which containers run.
• Controller: Control loops that maintain the desired state of the cluster.
• Service: An abstraction layer that provides access to pods.
• Namespace: Used to logically separate cluster resources.

Pod

Pod, With Kubernetes A managed container is the most fundamental building block. It's a group of one or more containers with shared resources that are managed together. Pods share the same network and storage, allowing them to communicate easily with each other. Typically, containers within a pod are closely related and represent different parts of the same application.

Node

Node, With Kubernetes A worker machine in a cluster is a physical or virtual machine on which pods run. Each node runs a tool called a kubelet. The kubelet communicates with the control plane and manages the pods that run on that node. Each node also has a container runtime (for example, Docker or containerd) on it, which enables the containers to be run.

Cluster

Cluster, With Kubernetes A cluster is a cluster of machines used to run containerized applications. Kubernetes clusters enable applications to provide high availability and scalability. A cluster consists of a control plane and one or more worker nodes. The control plane manages the overall health of the cluster and ensures that applications operate in the desired state.

These core components of Kubernetes enable applications to run successfully in modern, dynamic environments. When configured correctly, With Kubernetes You can significantly improve the performance, reliability and scalability of your applications.

Costs and Benefits of Using Kubernetes

With Kubernetes The advantages and costs of orchestration play a critical role in an organization's decision-making process. While migrating to Kubernetes improves operational efficiency in the long term, it may require an initial investment and learning curve. In this section, With Kubernetes We will examine in detail the potential costs and potential benefits of the study.

Category	Costs	Returns
Infrastructure	Server resources, storage, network	Efficient use of resources, scalability
Management	Team training, need for expert personnel	Automatic management, less manual intervention
Development	Application modernization, new tools	Rapid development, continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD)
Operation	Monitoring, security, backup	Less downtime, faster recovery, security improvements

With Kubernetes The associated costs can generally be divided into three main categories: infrastructure, management, and development. Infrastructure costs include the server resources, storage, and network infrastructure on which Kubernetes will run. Management costs include the team training, specialized personnel, and tools required to manage and maintain the Kubernetes platform. Development costs include the expenses incurred to adapt existing applications to Kubernetes or to develop new applications on Kubernetes.

Comparing Costs and Returns
• Increased infrastructure costs are offset by optimization in resource utilization.
• The need for training and expertise for management is reduced in the long run with automation.
• Development costs are offset by faster processes and more frequent deployments.
• Operational costs are reduced thanks to advanced monitoring and security features.
• Thanks to scalability, costs are optimized as demand increases.

With this, With Kubernetes The potential returns are also significantly higher. Kubernetes optimizes infrastructure costs by enabling more efficient use of resources. Its automated management features reduce manual intervention, increasing operational efficiency. It also supports rapid development and continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) processes, accelerating software development and reducing time to market. With Kubernetes Security improvements and fewer downtimes are also significant benefits.

With Kubernetes While the initial costs of using Kubernetes may seem high, the long-term benefits more than offset these costs. Kubernetes should be considered a significant investment, especially for web applications that require a scalable, reliable, and fast infrastructure. Organizations should carefully plan their Kubernetes migration strategy, taking into account their specific needs and resources.

Getting Started with Kubernetes: Requirements

With Kubernetes Before you begin your journey, it's important to understand some of the fundamental requirements for successful installation and management. These requirements include both hardware infrastructure and software preparations. Proper planning and preparation With Kubernetes is key to providing a seamless experience. In this section, With Kubernetes We will go through in detail what you need before we start working.

Kubernetes Its installation and management require specific resources. First, you need a suitable hardware infrastructure. This could be virtual machines, physical servers, or cloud-based resources. Each node should have sufficient processing power, memory, and storage space, depending on your application's requirements. Additionally, the network connection must be stable and fast. Kubernetes is critical for the proper functioning of your cluster.

Requirements for Kubernetes Installation

1. Suitable Hardware: Servers or virtual machines with sufficient CPU, RAM, and storage.
2. Operating System: A supported Linux distribution (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS).
3. Container Runtime: A container runtime engine such as Docker or containerd.
4. kubectl: Kubernetes command-line tool (kubectl)
5. Network Configuration: Correct network settings so Kubernetes nodes can communicate with each other.
6. Internet access: Internet connection to download and update necessary packages.

The table below shows, Kubernetes The following shows sample resource requirements for different deployment scenarios. Keep in mind that these values may vary depending on the specific needs of your application. Therefore, it's best to start small and increase resources as needed.

Scenario	CPU	RAM	Storage
Development Environment	2 Core	4GB	20GB
Small Scale Production	4 Cores	8GB	50GB
Medium-Scale Production	8 Core	16 GB	100GB
Large-Scale Production	16+ Cores	32+ GB	200+ GB

It is also necessary to pay attention to software requirements. KubernetesIt typically runs on Linux-based operating systems. Therefore, it is important to choose a compatible Linux distribution (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS). You also need a container runtime engine (such as Docker or containerd) and kubectl You will need a command line tool. KubernetesFor to work properly, network settings must be configured correctly. After completing all these steps, With Kubernetes You can start distributing your application.

Things to Consider When Using with Kubernetes

With Kubernetes While working with your system, there are many important points to consider for the security, performance, and sustainability of your system. Ignoring these points may cause your application to encounter unexpected problems, performance degradation, or security vulnerabilities. Therefore, With Kubernetes It is critical to understand these issues and develop appropriate strategies before starting a project.

Area to be Considered	Explanation	Recommended Apps
Security	Prevent unauthorized access and protect sensitive data.	Use of RBAC (Role-Based Access Control), network policies, secret management.
Resource Management	Efficiently allocating the resources (CPU, memory) required by applications.	Defining limits and requests, auto-scaling, monitoring resource usage.
Monitoring and Logging	Continuously monitor application and system behavior and detect errors.	Using tools like Prometheus, Grafana, ELK Stack.
Update and Rollback	Update applications safely and seamlessly, and revert to older versions when necessary.	Strategic distribution methods (rolling updates), version control.

Be especially careful about security, With Kubernetes is one of the most important requirements of managed applications. An incorrectly configured Kubernetes A set of security features could allow malicious individuals to infiltrate your system and access sensitive data. Therefore, it is crucial to effectively use security mechanisms such as role-based access control (RBAC), define network policies, and protect sensitive data with secrets management tools.

Basic Points to Consider
• Review security configurations regularly and keep them up to date.
• Configure resource limits and requests correctly.
• Set up monitoring and logging systems and check them regularly.
• Carefully plan and test your update strategies.
• Create and regularly test your backup and recovery plans.
• Limit intra-cluster communication with network policies.
• Store your sensitive data securely with secret management tools.

In addition, resource management With Kubernetes This is another critical area to consider when working with applications. Properly allocating the resources, such as CPU and memory, required by applications is key to avoiding performance issues and optimizing costs. By defining resource limits and requests, you can prevent applications from consuming unnecessary resources and increase the overall efficiency of your cluster. Auto-scaling mechanisms can also help maintain performance by allowing applications to automatically scale when load increases.

Establishing monitoring and logging systems, Kubernetes It allows you to continuously monitor the health of your environment. Tools like Prometheus, Grafana, and ELK Stack can help you monitor application and system behavior, detect errors, and troubleshoot performance issues. This allows you to proactively identify potential problems and ensure uninterrupted application operation.

Deploying Applications with Kubernetes: A Step-by-Step Guide

With Kubernetes Application deployment is a critical step in modern software development. This process aims to ensure high availability and scalability by packaging your application in containers and deploying it across multiple servers (nodes). A properly configured Kubernetes cluster ensures your application is always running and responds quickly to changing demands. In this guide, we'll walk you through how to deploy a web application on Kubernetes, step by step.

Before you begin deploying your application, some basic preparations are necessary. First, your application's Docker container should be created and stored in a container registry (Docker Hub, Google Container Registry, etc.). Next, ensure your Kubernetes cluster is ready and accessible. These steps are essential for a smooth deployment of your application.

The following table lists the basic commands and their descriptions used in the Kubernetes application deployment process. These commands will be used frequently to deploy, manage, and monitor your application. Understanding and using these commands correctly is crucial for a successful Kubernetes experience.

Command	Explanation	Example
kubectl apply	Creates or updates resources using YAML or JSON files.	kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml
kubectl get	Displays the current status of resources.	kubectl get pods
kubectl describe	Displays detailed information about a resource.	kubectl describe pod my-pod
kubectl logs	Displays the logs of a container.	kubectl logs my-pod -c my-container

Now, let's examine the application deployment steps. These steps must be followed carefully to ensure your application runs successfully on Kubernetes. Each step builds upon the previous one, and completing it correctly is crucial for the subsequent steps to proceed smoothly.

Steps for Application Deployment

1. Creating a Deployment File: Create a YAML file that specifies how many replicas your application will have, what image it will use, and what ports it will open.
2. Creating a Service: Define a service to provide access to your application within the cluster or from outside. You can use different service types, such as LoadBalancer or NodePort.
3. ConfigMap and Secret Management: Manage your application configurations and sensitive information with ConfigMap and Secret objects.
4. Ingress Definition: Use an Ingress controller and define your Ingress rules to direct traffic from the outside world to your application.
5. Deploying the Application: The YAML files you created kubectl apply Deploy your application to the Kubernetes cluster by executing the command.
6. Monitoring and Logging: Install monitoring tools (Prometheus, Grafana) and logging systems (ELK Stack) to monitor the health and performance of your application.

Once you've completed these steps, your application will be running on Kubernetes. However, the deployment process is just the beginning. Continuously monitoring, updating, and optimizing your application is critical to its long-term success. With Kubernetes By continuously improving your application, you can have a modern and scalable infrastructure.

Conclusion: With Kubernetes Ways to Achieve Success in Application Management

With Kubernetes Application management plays a critical role in modern software development and deployment processes. This platform gives businesses a competitive advantage by ensuring applications operate scalably, reliably, and efficiently. However, KubernetesThere are some important points to consider in order to fully utilize the potential of . Proper planning, selection of appropriate tools, and continuous learning, Kubernetes will help you achieve success in your journey.

In the table below, Kubernetes It outlines potential challenges and suggested strategies for overcoming them. These strategies can be adapted and enhanced based on your application's needs and your team's capabilities.

Difficulty	Possible Causes	Solution Strategies
Complexity	KubernetesThe depth of its architecture and configuration	Managed Kubernetes using services, simplified tools and interfaces
Security	Wrong configurations, outdated patches	Enforcing security policies, performing regular security scans, using role-based access control (RBAC)
Resource Management	Inefficient use of resources, over-allocation	Setting resource limits and requests correctly, using auto-scaling, monitoring resource usage
Monitoring and Logging	Inadequate monitoring tools, lack of centralized logging	Using monitoring tools such as Prometheus, Grafana, and integrating logging solutions such as ELK stack

KubernetesTo successfully use , it's important to be open to continuous learning and development. The platform's ever-changing structure and newly released tools may require regular refreshing of your knowledge. You can also learn from other users' experiences and share your own knowledge by utilizing community resources (blogs, forums, conferences). Kubernetes allows you to contribute to the ecosystem.

Tips for Getting Started Quickly
• Basis Kubernetes Learn the concepts (Pod, Deployment, Service etc.).
• Local like Minikube or Kind Kubernetes Practice with sets.
• Your cloud provider's managed Kubernetes Evaluate their services (AWS EKS, Google GKE, Azure AKS).
• Take the time to understand and write YAML configuration files.
• Simplify application deployment using package managers like Helm.
• Kubernetes Join the community and share your experiences.

With Kubernetes Application management can be implemented successfully with the right approaches and strategies. A system that suits your business needs Kubernetes By creating a strategy, you can improve the performance of your applications, reduce costs and gain a competitive advantage. Remember, Kubernetes It is a tool, and using it to its fullest depends on your ability to continually learn, adapt, and make good decisions.

Frequently Asked Questions

What basic knowledge do I need to use Kubernetes?

Before starting to use Kubernetes, it's important to have a working knowledge of container technologies (especially Docker), basic Linux command-line knowledge, networking concepts (IP addresses, DNS, etc.), and the YAML format. It's also helpful to understand the principles of distributed systems and microservices architecture.

I'm experiencing performance issues with an application running on Kubernetes. Where should I start?

To troubleshoot performance issues, you should first monitor resource usage (CPU, memory). Analyze the health of your pods and cluster using the monitoring tools offered by Kubernetes (Prometheus, Grafana). Next, you can consider optimizing your application code, improving database queries, and evaluating caching mechanisms. Autoscaling can also help resolve performance issues.

How to ensure security in Kubernetes? What should I pay attention to?

There are many security considerations in Kubernetes, including authorization with RBAC (Role-Based Access Control), traffic control with network policies, secret management (for example, integration with HashiCorp Vault), securing container images (using signed images, security scans), and performing regular security updates.

How can I automate continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) processes in Kubernetes?

You can use tools like Jenkins, GitLab CI, CircleCI, and Travis CI to automate CI/CD processes with Kubernetes. These tools automatically detect your code changes, run your tests, and build and deploy your container images to your Kubernetes cluster. Package managers like Helm can also help simplify deployment processes.

How can I centrally collect and analyze the logs of my applications running on Kubernetes?

You can use tools like Elasticsearch, Fluentd, and Kibana (EFK stack), or Loki and Grafana to centrally collect and analyze logs from applications running on Kubernetes. Log collectors like Fluentd or Filebeat collect the logs from your pods and send them to Elasticsearch or Loki. Kibana or Grafana is used to visualize and analyze these logs.

What is horizontal pod autoscaling (HPA) in Kubernetes and how to configure it?

Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (HPA) is Kubernetes's automatic scaling feature. HPA automatically increases or decreases the number of pods when they exceed a certain threshold, such as CPU utilization or other metrics. You can configure HPA using the `kubectl autoscale` command or create an HPA manifest file. HPA optimizes performance and cost by allowing your applications to dynamically scale based on demand.

What is the concept of `namespace` in Kubernetes and why is it used?

In Kubernetes, a namespace is a concept used to logically group and isolate resources within a cluster. Creating separate namespaces for different teams, projects, or environments (development, test, production) can prevent resource conflicts and simplify authorization processes. Namespaces are a powerful tool for managing resources and controlling access.

How to manage stateful applications (e.g. databases) on Kubernetes?

Managing stateful applications on Kubernetes is more complex than stateless applications. StatefulSets ensure each pod has a unique identity and is linked to persistent storage volumes (Persistent Volumes). Additionally, for databases, you can automate operations such as backup, restore, and upgrade using specialized operators (e.g., PostgreSQL Operator, MySQL Operator).

More information: Kubernetes Official Website